Te Whariki - 1308 Words

Te Whà ¡riki Report This report is on Te Whariki: Early Childhood Curriculum in which we follow as a framework for teaching in New Zealand. This report is going to cover the three broad age groups Te Whariki is based upon. It will explain the principles and strands of Te Whariki and the impact it has on a developing child. It will describe the purpose of Te Whariki and discuss ways it is used by early childhood education services throughout New Zealand. It will describe Te Whariki’s support for bi-culturalism throughout the early childhood sector. This report will discuss the importance of a partnership between home and the early childhood education settings, and will also discuss the Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory and how†¦show more content†¦The Te Whariki document has five strands which are woven into the four principles. These also support learning and development of a child. The five strands are: Mana Atua (Well-Being); this is the well-being and health of a c hild. It ensures that every child and his or her health are promoted and that their emotional needs are being met and nurtured while experiencing a safe environment. Mana Whenua (Belonging); this strand gives children and their families a sense of belonging. It offers routine and gives the child and his or her family a sense of having a place. In this place they can be themselves and feel comfortable doing so. Mana Tangata (Contribution); this strand offers equal learning opportunities for every child, and values every child and there contribution on an equal level. This strand also encourages a child to learn alongside others and also together with others. Every child is given â€Å"equitable opportunities for learning, irrespective of gender, ability, age, ethnicity, or background† (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 16). Every child is an equal individual. Mana Reo (Communication); this strand promotes culture and allows the use of a child native language, symbol and family p ractices in an early childhood setting. This allows a child to â€Å"experience the stories and symbols of their own and other cultures† (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 16). This strand allows a child toShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast: Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum, and Te Whariki Curriculum2438 Words   |  10 PagesEarly Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) curriculum in England differs greatly in structure and content to the Te Whariki curriculum in New Zealand; this therefore makes for an interesting comparison. The EYFS was introduced in England, in 2008, by the DfE as a framework that ‘sets the standards for learning, development and care of children from birth to five’ (DfE, 2012). Alternatively, Te Whariki was founded in New Zealand, in 1996, based on the aspirations for children ‘to grow up as competent and confidentRead MoreLifespan Studies: Cognitive, Language, Social and Emotional, Physical and Holistic Development, and Discuss How Te Whariki Supports and Promotes the Development of Each Domain in the Early Childhood Sector.1113 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will describe five developmental domains, Cognitive, Language, Social and Emotional, Physical and Holistic Development, and discuss how Te Whariki supports and promotes the development of each domain in the early childhood sector. The definition of Cognitive Development as stated by the Encyclopaedia of Childrens Health, is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving and decision-making from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. According toRead MoreInternational Perspectives on Early Childhood Education1070 Words   |  4 Pagesthe early years has resulted in a growing interest in early childhood education. Subsequently, this has generated an interest in differing examples of early childhood curriculums. The following essay will critique the international approach, Te Whà £riki and compare the New Zealand educational system to the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum of the United Kingdom. The essay will include reflection upon the similarities and differences of these approaches upon my settings practice. Read MoreIntroduction to Early Childhood Education928 Words   |  4 Pagescurriculum and how it is applied into the policy and procedures of the centre. New Zealand has its very own early childhood curriculum and framework specifically designed for our children, whÄ nau, communities, and cultures. The introduction in the Te WhÄ riki (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996) states, â€Å"this curriculum is founded on the following aspirations for children: to grow up as competent and confident learners and communicators, healthy in mind, body, and spirit, secure in their sense of belongingRead MoreWhy Did The Treaty Of Waitangi Was Signed? Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesearly childhood education centres are â€Å"required to provide a curriculum that acknowledges and reflects the unique place of MÄ ori as Tangata Whenua† (Education review office 2015). The curriculum in New Zealand for early childhood education is Te Whà  riki, Te Whà  riki has five strands they are Well -being, belonging, Contribution, Communication and Exploration these are all used in everyday situations within early childhood settings today. What is the unique place of MÄ ori as Tangata Whenua in AotearoaRead MoreThe Curriculum And Curriculum For Excellence Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent influences affecting curriculums. I am going to explore the curriculums of Te WhÄ riki: New Zealand, Belonging, Being and Becoming: The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia and Curriculum for Excellence: Scotland. This will allow me to develop an understanding of other curriculums which I have not heard about to discover other way to education that I have not been taught in teacher’s college. Te WhÄ riki- New Zealand In 1840 the MÄ ori chiefs and the English crown signed the TreatyRead MoreMy Responsibility As An Early Childhood Education1232 Words   |  5 Pagesintroducing of Te KÃ… hanga Reo. â€Å"Te KÃ… hanga Reo is a MÄ ori development initiative, aimed at maintaining and strengthening MÄ ori language and philosophies within a cultural framework† (Te KÃ… hanga Reo, 2017). Te KÃ… hanga Reo was established in 1982 and in 1983 became a charitable trust. The trust is aimed to protect the MÄ ori language, through encouraging active participation of children in the education system, and allowing them the chance to immerse themselves in the MÄ ori language and culture ( (Te KÃ… hangaRead MoreHow Learning Areas Such As The Arts And Literacies Are Woven Into An Integrated Curriculum Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAotearoa New Zealand context and Te Whariki (Ministry of education, 1996). Arts and literacies are woven into an integrated curriculum giving children the ability to problem solve, communicate without language and express themselves in a verbal and non-verbal way. A child’s learning development is influenced by their communication with other children and adults, the environment, philosophy and the facilities in the centre (Educational Review Office. 2011). Te Whariki perspective is that a child participatesRead MoreKei Tua o Te Pai: Early Childhood Assessment Exemplars1228 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough play, Kei Tua o te Pae/Assessment for learning: Early Childhood Exemplars, learning stories and how beneficial Kei Tua o te Pae and learning stories are to early childhood teachers. Kei Tua o te Pae/Assessment for learning: Early Childhood Exemplars are extremely useful to any early childhood teacher at any level, from the student teacher, to the early childhood teacher with decades of experience as there are many different examples of assessing a child. Kei Tua o te Pae exemplar bookletsRead MoreSocio-cultural Assessment1369 Words   |  5 Pagessocial interactions with more knowledgeable others, therefore extending children s capabilities. It is encouraged that knowledge from all cultures within the centre is shared rather than belonging to the individual. (Dahlberg, Moss Pence, 1999). Te WhÄ riki believes that, The early childhood curriculum supports the cultural identity of differences, and aims to help children gain a positive awareness of their own and other cultures. (Ministry of Education, 1996, p 16). Active participation in these

Essay about Ethics in International Business - 1657 Words

Ethics in International Business Abstract International business ethics challenges the corporate world to deal with questions of what to do in situations where ethical standards come into conflict as a result of the different cultural practices in the nation. Since, there is this dilemma that has progressively troubled the large multinational corporations, international business ethics has arisen to help address these adhesive subject matters. There are several international business ethics discussions on the question of how to act in the home country as opposed to the host country is at the central point of most international corporations. The argument in question is how companies should practice their business according†¦show more content†¦The values and culture have reflective impact on ethical climate in organizations which inhabits on the ethical measurements changing in the structure of an organization. All these concepts facilitate the motivation of both employers and employees that would lead positive effec ts for organizations. Motivation is a psychological trait that would lead an individual or related party to a desired action on a definite goal. Motivation in an organization is considerable to sustain an employee with occupational pleasure, individual satisfaction, and positive contribution to the work place and its environment. Ethical Management, Impact on Individual and Organizational Performance Companies are supposed to be able to achieve and demonstrate an ever increasing performance showing improvement on leading in their industries to acquire competitive advantages. Having a high level of performance could be greatest achieved with competent and motivated employees. The conduct of business in an organization with an ethical manner is of great importance to secure an increasing performance as well. Organizations functioning towards ethical standards should ensure unbiased applications of business and recall a sense of justice to stimulate motivation among their employees. Employees that are motivated through a positive ethical organizational climate and leadership do much better than a less motivated employee. This promotes the organizational achievement that causesShow MoreRelatedEthics in International Business842 Words   |  3 PagesEthics is an incredibly important aspect of domestic business. C ompanies and their employees need to be mindful of their decisions and actions, and how they affect others. But when business is taken to the international and global level, being conscious of ethics becomes absolutely vital. In order to be successful long-term, ethical practices must be followed, as well as having a level of social responsibility. Companies or individuals who do not have a laid-out, defined set of values may findRead MoreBusiness Ethics and International Business3026 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿QUESTION  : Business and Ethical practices/Issues in International Business and the role of Multinational enterprises (MNEs) Introduction to Business and Ethics The ethical-related issues have represented the foundation of different religions and life styles. Ethics can be found in all aspects of human activity as the individuals have been preoccupied with the quality of their behavior towards the people around. Even if they do not purposefully intend to improve their relations with the othersRead More International Business: The Importance of Ethics in Business1636 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Business The business world has always relied heavily on contractual agreements while conducting business. These contracts while written in ink, are set in stone. Once your business partner signs his/her name on the dotted line the pact has been sealed and nothing else needs to be said. But what happens when you take away the physical contractual element and everything is agreed upon through ones word? The world of business ethics is an old discipline in most parts of the worldRead MoreImportance of Ethics in International Business1541 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Ethics in International Business Executive Summary Ethics in the business world is important and global. Ethics  indicate what is right and what is wrong in  business branches and also lead employees and stakeholders with moral values. Due to the globalization of markets and production processes, business people have to deal with ethical issues in cross-cultural settings at an increasing number. The purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of international business, emphasiseRead MoreEthics and International Business Essays2084 Words   |  9 PagesEthics and International Business: Finding the Lesser Evil At the beginning of this course it was made apparent that the class was not meant to be a monologue by the instructor but a discussion. From the numerous discussions held in class, I have come to the belief that ethics in international business was the most significant topic discussed in this course. Ethics in international business and the outsourcing of labor is a prevalent issue that affects not only the United States and our nationsRead MoreEthics Codes And The World Of International Business1404 Words   |  6 PagesEthics or what it is sometimes known as moral philosophy is an idea that involves the decision or right or wrong conduct. Ethics play a very vital role in any business and especially in the world of international business. In an international business setting the set of ethically right doings expands greatly due to a particular countries ethics standards. Not all ethics standards are the same especially when dealing with countries across the seas from the United States of America. Due to differentRead MoreBusiness Ethics Of International Business : Culture, Consumers And Employees1152 Words   |  5 PagesCourse: INB385 International Business Date: October 11, 2015 Response to Ethical Challenges in International Business: Culture, Consumers and Employees Introduction General business ethics applies in the case of international business. However, international business ethics poses a particularly different difficulty- from domestic business- as a result of the scope of diversity that managers have to deal with: cultural, economic and legal, etc. Although the contents of business ethics are to an extentRead MoreInternational Business Ethics And Ethical Issues Within International Organizations1113 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of discussion that may, or may not affect your opinion within international organisations. Do you believe international business encourage firms and organisations to become socially responsible and ethical global citizens? What I am here to tell you today is that with the correct organisational procedures, internationally renowned businesses are able to become socially responsible and ethically recognised. However when international organisations have unseemly and immoral behavioural standards,Read MoreThe Role Of Ethics And Culture On An International Business Environment1508 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Geert Hofstede is one of many sociologists that studied and emphasized the importance of ethics and culture in an international business environment. He contended how the culture of the leaders and staff can help one to determine the achievement or ineffectiveness of that business. Rue Byars described leadership as an ability to influence people and willingly follow one’s guidance or adhere to one’s decisions (Rue, Byars, 2009). The most successful CEO’s and leaders have a well-definedRead MoreSocial responsibility and Ethics in International Business Essay1392 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal awareness Global awareness has become an essential proficiency in international business. In order to become globally aware, the managers of firms must be accepting of cultural differences, understand the culture, have an understanding of global economics and recognize the political trends (Cateora, Gilly, Graham, 2013). A majority of problems chanced upon are the outcome of the oddness of the surroundings the organization will be operating in the host country. Additionally, as described

Vital Contributor to the Australian Economy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Vital Contributor to the Australian Economy. Answer: Introduction. Predominantly, education is a vital contributor to the Australian economy. Primarily, a skilled labor force emerges from better training and education thus the reason for most government investing in their respective education sectors of their economies. Further ,The Australian government has but in measures to encourage equitable and quality education opportunities for its population despite the shortcomings it faces along the way .The article on budget to lift fees by Hare and Uren seeks to explore the reforms undertaken by the Australian government in an effort to boost its education sector performance. The article highlights the negative effects of the increase in tuition fees move by the Australian government. Recently, Australian University students are required to pay higher tuition fees because of the funding reduction executed by the government of Australia. The Australian government has incorporated a formula for funding of higher education which has resulted into a twenty-five percent increase of university tuition fees to be paid by its students (Hare and Uren,2017)Further, the new funding formulae has transferred additional university costs to be covered by its university students. To most students, this could be burdensome. The increase in tuition costs at the higher education level has totaled to forty percent with a compulsory requirement of making the payments at the earliest opportune moment. In addition, under the new funding formula, higher education students are expected to remit their loan fees at the onset of their studies which might prove impossible for some students who are disadvantaged.However,the Australian government perspective is that these university students are likely to land high paying jobs as soon as they complete their studies at higher education institutions which is barely true for all university students(Jeffrey,2017)Rationally, the high cost of university education is viewed as an investment in return for high salaries after higher education completion. Usually, unemployment levels are inevitable and high in most developed and underdeveloped countries thus making the logic of high-paying jobs to all university graduates unattainable. Additionally, the number of university graduates has declined over the years. Noteworthy, there is a huge number of unemployed graduates in the Australian Economy according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (Hare and Uren, 2017)The unemployment figures are cut across graduates and non- graduates, skilled and unskilled labor force in Australia. The Australian unemployed population consists of both youths and older population groups as per the statistics analysis by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Notably forty one percent of the unemployed population in Australia for the past one year comprised of graduates thus the proof that higher education doesnt guarantee high paying jobs if any for university graduates. Further, the high tuition fees at the Australian University level has contributed to a significant decline in the number of higher education enrollments following the pay hike (Yaxley, 2015) Typically, the law of demand dictates that an increase in price of a good or service is likely to affect the output .In this scenario, the demand for education at the increased tuition prices will lead to a significant drop in the number of enrolled Australian students despite the elasticity of price. Similarly, a price increase in the tuition fee of students based in England resulted into a decrease in the number of university enrollment figure by fifteen thousand (Vasagar, 2012) thus the assertion that an increase in tuition fees will likely result into huge decline in university education attendance. Largely, the increase in university tuition fee and costs will negatively affect aspiring and existing Australian higher education students from enrolling and completing their courses at institutions of higher learning in the Australian states. For most disadvantaged students ,the pay increase is a burden and a denial of their right to affordable and equitable education.Usually,an increase in government budget expenditure in the education sector as opposed to a reduction would be a better option for Australian students performance and excellence(Farrell and Hurst,2014)The move to withdraw funding from the education sector in Australia can be interpreted to mean the government is less interested in providing affordable and equal opportunities for Australian learners. Notably, Education being the backbone of the economy has been able to produce skilled future and existing labor force who have propelled the Australian economy to high revenue margins thus the need for government to rethink its funding reduction to the education sector.Ideally,the ought to be massive government support and investment into the education sectors because an investment into education is an investment into the labor force quality and productivity through which an economy grows and the government revenue emanates from. A skilled labor force is likely to increase employability chances due to the fact that the worker will have the requisite skillset for the requisite jobs thereby maximizing profits, efficiency and productivity for employers Further, the reduction in government funding on the education sector is likely to encourage massive school dropouts at the university level. The unaffordability of university education will most likely increase the number of unskilled labor force in the Australian economy thereby raising the already existing high unemployment levels in the Australian states hence the need for positive reform based impacts on the Australian education system and its economy as a whole .The Australian government need to reduce the university education through its own funding or through university legislation encouraging tuition fee cuts to increase the number of university graduates in Australia while producing skilled future labor force(Hare and Uren,2017) According to the demand laws, an increase in the tuition fees for higher education Australian learners will only discourage higher education applications by aspiring university students and encourage dropouts among the existing university students (Education, n.d) .In as much as the government is reducing its expenditure and possibly relieving general taxpayers of some burden percentage, the implications on the education sector are far from favorable. Subsequently, the future labor force of Australia is likely to be unskilled due to the unaffordability of higher education by most of the Australian student population .Inevitably, the current students are the taskforce of tomorrow hence their education experience will definitely reflect in their work quality, productivity and employability chances. References Education Costs in Australia. (n.d.) Austrade. Retrieved from Https;//www.studyinaustrali.gov.au/global/australian-education/education-costs Farell,P.,and Hurst,D.(2014) University Fee Changes explained: How will Australian students be affected? The Guardian. Retrieved from https;//www.theguardian.com/World/2014/jun/university-fee-changes-explained#img-1 Hare, J., and Uren, D. (2017).Budget to life fees for university students, scrap funding cuts .The Weekend Australia .Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/budget-to-lift-fees-for-university-students-scrap-funding-cuts/news-story/5725169a6df0dfbe5ed0b699b5408be7 How will an increase in tuition fees affect student participation and choice of course in the Uk? (n.d.)Shift Learning. Retrieved from https://www.shiftlearning.co.uk.site/default/files/white%20paper%20How%20will20%an20%increase%20in20%tuition%20fees20%affect20%student20%participation%20and20%choice20%of%20%20in%20the%20UK_0.pdf Jeffrey, C. (2017).Why Australia and India should collaborate on Higher Education .The Wire .Retrieved from https://the wire.in/123097/why-right-time-australia-india-higher-education Pash , C.(2017).The cost of Getting A University Degree in Australia Is About To Change: Heres What You Need To Know. Business Insider. Retrieved From https://www.BusinessInsider.com.au/the-cost-of-getting-a-university-degree-in-australia-is-about-to-change-heres-what-you-need-to-now-2016-4 Vasagar, J. (2012).Tuition fees increase led to 15000 fewer Applicants. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/aug/09/tuition-fees-increase-15000-less-applicants Yaxley, L. (2015).University fee Deregulation: Government discusses new proposal with crossbench senators .ABC News .Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-04/higher -education-new-university-fee-deregulation-proposal-offered/6280124

Its The End Of The World...And I Feel Fine Essays - Nuclear Warfare

It's The End Of The World...And I Feel Fine Elspeth Wilson Politics & Film Final Paper December 15, 2000 Its the End of the Worldand I Feel Fine! (The role of intellectuals in the creation and justification of nuclear weapons.) In Fail Safe and Dr. Strangelove, Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, Sidney Lumet and Stanley Kubrick question the relationship between technology and humanity by emphasizing mankinds tendency to create machines that cannot be adequately controlled. By blatantly revealing the absurdity of game theory (Mutual Assured Destruction as a reasonable deterrence for nuclear war), both directors call into question the dominant pro-Cold War American ideology. One of the most quintessential aspects of this ideology includes the drive for constant technological advance and strategic superiority. Without the brainpower of the scientists and intellectuals who dedicated their lives to the extension of technological power and the study of international conflict, the Arms Race would certainly not have been possible. These academics not only became the architects of atomic weapons but they were also faced with justifying the use of these nuclear bombs, and creating a theoretical fra mework within which nuclear warfare might be appropriately (and rationally) conducted. Within this context, one noteworthy parallel between Fail Safe and Dr. Strangelove is the existence (in both films) of a single intellectual genius that actively perpetuates the science of nuclear advancement and strategy. Indeed, through the characterizations of Professor Groeteschele and Dr. Strangelove, both Lumet and Kubrick examine the prominent role of intellectuals (both scientists and theorists) in the creation and justification of nuclear warfare. Ultimately, both Lumet and Kubrick reveal the problems with relying solely on science and mathematics to resolve international conflict, thus suggesting that modern warfare requires a more humanistic, ethical definition of right and wrong. Both Fail Safe and Dr Strangelove serve as moralizing responses to the dominant American Cold War culture, rhetoric, and political policy. In his article titled Dr. Strangelove (1964): Nightmare Comedy and the ideology of Liberal Consensus, Charles Maland identifies the dominant American cultural paradigm (during the Cold War) as the Ideology of the Liberal Consensus. Maland maintains that the Ideology of the Liberal Consensus first developed as the American people began to feel increasingly threatened by the rise and spread of Communism. After World War II, this cultural paradigm solidified, taking on an intellectual coherence of its own. Indeed, the logic behind this paradigm involved two widely accepted principles: (1) The structure of American society is basically sound. (2) Communism is a clear danger to the survival of the United States and its allies. From the combination of these assumptions, emerged a new definition of Americanism that was predicated upon the concepts of democracy, capitalism, and general material abundance. However, in order to satisfy the demands of this new Americanism, the United States needed to struggle against Communism and willingly support a strong defense systemfor power is the only language that the Communists can understand. Because the maintenance of a superior defense system required frequent technological advancement, physicists, chemists, and other scientists became necessary members of government/military research teams. In addition to the so-called hard scientists, theorists and strategic experts were needed in order to make informed and rational decisions about the circumstances under which the new technological devices (i.e. nuclear weapons) should be used. This emerging Cold War cultural paradigm was both created by and gave birth to a new breed of academicthe nuclear-intellectual. Because technology, nuclear science, and war strategy became such an integral part of the definition of American culture and security, the scientists and the theoreticians that participated in this nuclear culture achieved political prominence. These academics not designed advanced killing-machines, but they were also employed to create a new theoretical framework that rationally justified the use of nuclear weapons in specific confrontations. Thus, both the hard-scientists and the game-theorists became an integral part of the Cold War culture, supplying the country with two vital ingredients (both the machinery and the rhetoric) necessary for the creation of a new American ideology (based on democracy, capitalism, societal complacency, and soviet paranoia etc.). Because of the unique role of intellectuals in the initial formulation of the ideology, principles, and technology behind the liberal consensus, any work that

Genetic Enhancement Essays - Molecular Biology, Biotechnology

Genetic Enhancement Complaining about What is scarring people in these days is the possibility of cloning discoveries. At this point the question is: how this discovery will affect our society? And what is the scientists goal?. We all are worried about this discovery because what come out from scientists it is not really reassuring. Even scientists don't know what will be the long- term's effects of ?playing? with genes if they might have bad results on patient's descendants. Moreover, by altering the natural course of nature on people, making them thinner, healthier we might increase marginalizazion and discrimination of people who can't or just don't want to be genetically enhanced. In response to pressure from society, We should stop and think before allowed scientists to go on without strict controls. All the attention these days to concerns about human cloning has pushed other controversial areas of medical science into shadows. The first attempts are to carry out genetic enhancement in humans could soon be under way. The goal of genetic enhancement is not to treat people with diseases or abnormalities, but to make healthy people more attractive. To do so, it would employ the recombinant- DNA techniques from monocular biology that emerged in the 1970s. This permits scientists to remove individual genes from one organism and introduce them into another, even on another species. Although we belief that The therapy aims to overcome health problems by giving the effected individuals the normal- or functioning- gene. Allowing genetic enhancement in more than a few very special cases poses real problems. First, the risks to the patient at present are very great compared with the possible benefits. We sill know very little about how they act- a single gene can have multiple effects in different parts of the body. Moreover, genes do not act alone: the ire effects are amplified, demitted, or counterbalanced by others genes in ways that we do not understand. We might be willing to expose a patient to great risks to treat grave disease. Subjecting someone risk is ethically unacceptable if the person seeking treatment is healthy. Second, genetic enhancement may pose risks to others, particularly to patient's offspring. We do not know whether gene therapy might contaminate the genetic material of the gonads. Because of this, genetic enhancement might create serious enhancement unacceptably high when weighed against the possible benefits. Genetic enhancement might reinforce irrational societal prejudices. People who do not wish to be genetically enhanced eventually night be marginalized or suffer discrimination. We should not simply throw up hands and lament that nothing can be done to stop genetic enhancement. Instead, we need to decide what enhancements we consider unacceptable, and to prevent their use. A helpful model is the moratorium that scientists imposed on themselves in the early 197's, when they had just discovered how to manipulate genetic material trough recombinant DNA techniques. If we do not establish some guidelines now, we are likely to find ourselves focusing only on the short term interests of an individual patient. Allowing the anxieties and biases of the moment to blur our judgement. Nor should we leave decisions about genetic enhancement to the whims of the market place or in the hands of patients or families. This may be too easily swayed by messages in the media about what standards of appearance, and behavior are acceptable. We need to decide what enhancements we consider unacceptable, and prevent their use. Furthermore sometimes we forget the real importance of a human life, too often scientists treat human as animals because of their experiments. We all want to live in a good world preferably without any kind of illness, but if this means destroy our nature may be is time to think watts we are doing and were we are going to end. Medicine exists since the humane race exists, but in the past was different; it was an armless medicine created in order to take care of real ill people. On the other hand whiteout out the progress in medicine we won't survey in this way. We can certainly affirm that we have a cure for almost everything: beginning from the fever and ending. Bibliography: .personal notes

Photography Essays (4782 words) - Single-lens Reflex Camera, Camera

Photography Essays (4782 words) - Single-lens Reflex Camera, Camera Photography Photography is a technique of producing permanent images on sensitized surfaces by means of the photochemical action of light or other forms of radiant energy. In today's society, photography plays important roles as an information medium, as a tool in science and technology, and as an art form, and it is also a popular hobby. It is essential at every level of business and industry, being used in advertising, documentation, photojournalism, and many other ways. Scientific research, ranging from the study of outer space to the study of the world of subatomic particles, relies heavily on photography as a tool. In the 19th century, photography was the domain of a few professionals because it required large cameras and glass photographic plates. During the first decades of the 20th century, however, with the introduction of roll film and the box camera, it came within the reach of the public as a whole. Today the industry offers amateur and professional photographers a large variety of cameras and accessories. See also Motion Picture. The Camera and Its Accessories Modern cameras operate on the basic principle of the camera obscura (see Historical Development, below). Light passing through a tiny hole, or aperture, into an otherwise lightproof box casts an image on the surface opposite the aperture. The addition of a lens sharpens the image, and film makes possible a fixed, reproducible image. The camera is the mechanism by which film can be exposed in a controlled manner. Although they differ in structural details, modern cameras consist of four basic components: body, shutter, diaphragm, and lens. Located in the body is a lightproof chamber in which film is held and exposed. Also in the body, located opposite the film and behind the lens, are the diaphragm and shutter. The lens, which is affixed to the front of the body, is actually a grouping of optical glass lenses. Housed in a metal ring or cylinder, it allows the photographer to focus an image on the film. The lens may be fixed in place or set in a movable mount. Objects located at variou s distances from the camera can be brought into sharp focus by adjusting the distance between the lens and the film. The diaphragm, a circular aperture behind the lens, operates in conjunction with the shutter to admit light into the lighttight chamber. This opening may be fixed, as in many amateur cameras, or it may be adjustable. Adjustable diaphragms are composed of overlapping strips of metal or plastic that, when spread apart, form an opening of the same diameter as the lens; when meshed together, they form a small opening behind the center of the lens. The aperture openings correspond to numerical settings, called f-stops, on the camera or the lens. The shutter, a spring-activated mechanical device, keeps light from entering the camera except during the interval of exposure. Most modern cameras have focal-plane or leaf shutters. Some older amateur cameras use a drop-blade shutter, consisting of a hinged piece that, when released, pulls across the diaphragm opening and exposes the film for about 1/30th of a second. In the leaf shutter, at the moment of exposure, a cluster of meshed blades springs apart to uncover the full lens aperture and then springs shut. The focal-plane shutter consists of a black shade with a variable-size slit across its width. When released, the shade moves quickly across the film, exposing it progressively as the slit moves. Most modern cameras also have some sort of viewing system or viewfinder to enable the photographer to see, through the lens of the camera, the scene being photographed. Single-lens reflex cameras all incorporate this design feature, and almost all general-use cameras have some form of focusing system as well as a film-advance mechanism. Camera Designs Cameras come in a variety of configurations and sizes. The first cameras, ?pinhole? cameras, had no lens. The flow of light was controlled simply by blocking the pinhole. The first camera in general use, the box camera, consists of a wooden or plastic box with a simple lens and a drop-blade shutter at one end and a holder for roll film at the other. The box camera is equipped with a simple viewfinder that shows the extent of the picture area. Some

Biomedical ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Biomedical ethics - Essay Example Joe fulfills the age requirement of Medicaid’s rationing scheme because he is below age 65 and unless he did not fulfill its other fundamental requirements, the Medicaid official could have denied him benefits unfairly (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). Dr. Adams fulfilled the requirements of the biomedical principle of beneficence when she went out of her way to attend to Joe while at the scene of the accident. She demonstrated the principle of respect for persons when she attempted to rescue Joe who was incapable of self-determination immediately after the accident. Both Dr. Adams and the emergency personnel in the ambulance demonstrated non-maleficence when they helped save Joe’s life because they did not harm him even when his condition exposed him to mistreatment and harm. Facts provide that Dr. Benson had performed substandard surgeries before Joe’s case. If indeed the Southwest Hospital knew about Benson’s quality of service, it was immoral to have allowed him to operate on Joe (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). The motorist who cut Joe off might have been reckless. The motorist should have been cautious when driving knowing that obstructing others on the traffic could cause an accident. Recklessness implies that the actor (the other motorist) foresaw the danger that could accrue from his action but did not take precautions to remove the danger. There was an element of negligence in the way that Southwest Hospital handled Joe’s case. Negligence embodies the issues of duty, breach, causation, and damages. Given Joe’s condition after the accident, the hospital had the duty to protect and rescue his life. Assigning Dr. Benson to Joe’s operation breached the hospital’s duty to protect their patient’s (Joe’s) life and wellbeing. It is possible that Dr. Benson’s lack of care during operation is what led to Joe’s hemorrhage and hospitalization thereafter. The hospital could therefore be charged for the